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Ronald Reid's Three Topoi
Reid's Three Topoi provide a basic framework for understanding pro-war rhetoric and propaganda. (1) Territorial appeals, (2) ethnocentric appeals, and (3) appeals to optimism characterize pro-war rhetoric.〔Reid, Ronald F. "New England Rhetoric and the French War, 1754-1760: A Case Study in the Rhetoric of War." ''Communication Monographs 43'' (1997): 259-286, ''The New York Times''. January 15, 1992.〕 Reid also defines a fourth appeal, war aims. However, because this fourth aim supports the other topoi, it is often not identified as a separate category.〔 Due to these appeals, “American presidents have been able to impart a positive value to (nation’s wars ) as well as justify the nation’s involvement."〔Bass, Jeff D. “Bass, Jeff D. “The Rhetorical Opposition to Controversial Wars: Rhetorical Timing as a Generic Consideration.” The Western Journal of Speech Communication 43” (Summer 1979): 180-191.〕 By understanding the persuasiveness of these appeals, Reid believes one can better understand wartime behavior.〔
==Biography==
Ronald F. Reid, a Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst at Amherst, retired in 1991 after 32 years of teaching.〔(University of Massachusetts Amherst Obituaries ), “UMASS Chronicles”. August 23, 2002〕 Reid received a bachelor’s from Pepperdine, a master’s from University of New Mexico, and a Ph.D. from Purdue.〔
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